Virginia Hemp and Cannabis Law: Regulations, Licensing, and Legal Status

Executive Summary

Virginia's cannabis regulatory framework stands at a crossroads in August 2026, as hemp consumers and businesses challenge new restrictions that they say eliminate access to products relied upon for years. The Commonwealth legalized adult-use cannabis possession in 2021 but delayed retail sales, creating a regulatory gap that allowed hemp-derived intoxicating products to flourish under the 2018 federal Farm Bill. Recent state legislation aimed at closing loopholes and establishing a controlled retail market has sparked backlash from the hemp industry and consumers who argue the new rules deny access to delta-8 THC, THCA flower, and other hemp-derived cannabinoids that occupied the legal gray area. The conflict highlights the tension between Virginia's effort to build a regulated cannabis market generating tax revenue and the established hemp sector that grew in the absence of legal recreational sales. With licensed dispensaries not yet operational statewide, patients and adult consumers face a supply disruption that could last months or longer, while hemp businesses confront potential closure and legal challenges.

Why This Matters

The Virginia hemp-cannabis regulatory conflict affects hundreds of thousands of consumers, a multi-million dollar hemp industry, and sets precedent for how states manage the transition from hemp-derived products to regulated cannabis markets. An estimated 300,000 to 500,000 Virginia residents have purchased hemp-derived cannabinoid products since 2019, according to industry trade groups. The Virginia Hemp Coalition reported that more than 1,200 retail locations across the Commonwealth sold delta-8 THC, THCA flower, and similar products as of early 2026, generating approximately $180 million in annual sales.

Medical cannabis patients represent a particularly vulnerable population. Virginia's medical cannabis program, established under the Board of Pharmacy, serves roughly 50,000 registered patients as of mid-2026. Many patients report that hemp-derived products offered more affordable alternatives to pharmaceutical dispensary prices, with THCA flower selling for $25-40 per eighth compared to $50-70 at licensed medical dispensaries. The new restrictions eliminate these lower-cost options before the adult-use retail market becomes operational.

The economic stakes extend beyond retail. Virginia hemp farmers cultivated approximately 3,800 acres of hemp in 2025, according to the Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services. Much of this acreage was dedicated to high-THCA cultivars intended for the cannabinoid extraction and flower markets. The regulatory changes threaten to eliminate the primary market for these crops, potentially forcing farmers to pivot to fiber or seed production with significantly lower profit margins.

The legal precedent matters nationally. At least 15 states face similar conflicts between established hemp-derived cannabinoid markets and emerging regulated cannabis programs. How Virginia resolves this tension—through grandfather clauses, transition periods, or immediate prohibition—will influence regulatory approaches in Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee, and other states navigating the same challenge.

Background and History

Federal Hemp Legalization Creates the Foundation (2018)

The 2018 Farm Bill removed hemp from Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act, defining it as cannabis containing no more than 0.3% delta-9 THC on a dry weight basis. President Donald Trump signed the Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018 into law on December 20, 2018. Section 10113 of the Act amended the Agricultural Marketing Act of 1946 to include hemp as an agricultural commodity and explicitly removed it from the definition of marijuana under 21 U.S.C. § 802(16).

The 0.3% delta-9 THC threshold became the critical legal distinction. The Farm Bill did not restrict other cannabinoids, creating what industry participants recognized as a regulatory gap. Delta-8 THC, a psychoactive isomer of delta-9 THC that occurs naturally in trace amounts, could be synthesized from CBD extracted from legal hemp. THCA, the non-psychoactive acidic precursor to delta-9 THC, exists in high concentrations in cannabis flower but converts to delta-9 THC only when heated. As long as the raw flower contained less than 0.3% delta-9 THC by dry weight, it met the federal definition of hemp regardless of THCA content.

Virginia Establishes Medical Cannabis Framework (2020-2021)

Virginia's General Assembly passed House Bill 1251 in 2020, establishing a regulatory framework for pharmaceutical processors to dispense medical cannabis products. The Virginia Board of Pharmacy received authority to license up to five vertically integrated pharmaceutical processors. Governor Ralph Northam signed the legislation on March 12, 2020, with the first dispensaries opening in 2021.

The medical program initially served a limited patient population with qualifying conditions including cancer, glaucoma, HIV/AIDS, and epilepsy. Registered patients could purchase cannabis products from licensed pharmaceutical processors but faced high prices due to limited competition and vertical integration requirements. By late 2021, only four pharmaceutical processors had received licenses and opened dispensaries in Richmond, Manassas, Bristol, and Staunton.

Adult-Use Legalization Without Retail Sales (July 2021)

On July 1, 2021, Virginia became the first Southern state to legalize adult-use cannabis possession, but the law did not authorize retail sales. House Bill 2312 and Senate Bill 1406, signed by Governor Northam on April 7, 2021, legalized possession of up to one ounce of cannabis for adults 21 and older and allowed home cultivation of up to four plants per household. The legislation established the Virginia Cannabis Control Authority to develop regulations for a commercial market, but retail sales would not begin until the regulatory framework was complete.

This created a paradox: adults could legally possess cannabis but had no legal way to purchase it. The legislation anticipated retail sales beginning in 2024, leaving a three-year gap. Hemp-derived products filled this void. Retailers across Virginia began openly selling delta-8 THC vapes, gummies, and tinctures, as well as high-THCA flower marketed as "legal hemp" that produced intoxicating effects identical to traditional cannabis when smoked.

Hemp-Derived Cannabinoid Market Explodes (2021-2024)

Between July 2021 and early 2024, Virginia's hemp-derived cannabinoid market grew exponentially. Gas stations, smoke shops, CBD stores, and dedicated hemp retailers stocked shelves with delta-8 THC, delta-10 THC, THC-O, HHC, and THCA products. The Virginia Hemp Coalition estimated that retail locations selling these products increased from approximately 200 in mid-2021 to more than 1,200 by January 2024.

Consumers embraced these products as a legal alternative to the illicit market. THCA flower, in particular, gained popularity because it offered the full cannabis experience—whole flower that could be smoked or vaporized—while technically meeting the federal hemp definition. Retailers sold popular strains including Wedding Cake, OG Kush, and Northern Lights as "hemp flower," with lab reports showing delta-9 THC levels below 0.3% but THCA concentrations of 15-25%.

The market operated in a regulatory gray area. The Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services regulated hemp cultivation and processing under its industrial hemp program, but the agency did not have clear authority over intoxicating hemp-derived products sold at retail. The Virginia Cannabis Control Authority, meanwhile, focused on developing regulations for the future adult-use market and did not assert jurisdiction over hemp products.

Legislative Efforts to Close the Hemp Loophole (2024-2025)

The 2024 General Assembly session saw the first serious legislative efforts to restrict hemp-derived intoxicating products. Delegate Terry Kilgore introduced House Bill 698, which would have prohibited the sale of any hemp product containing "detectable amounts" of THC isomers or analogs. The bill faced opposition from the Virginia Hemp Coalition and failed to advance out of committee.

The Virginia Cannabis Control Authority, in its 2024 annual report to the General Assembly, recommended bringing hemp-derived intoxicating products under its regulatory authority. The Authority argued that products producing intoxicating effects should be subject to the same testing, labeling, and retail requirements as cannabis products, regardless of whether they were derived from hemp or marijuana.

In the 2025 session, the General Assembly took action. Senate Bill 903 and House Bill 1482, introduced in January 2025, proposed comprehensive restrictions on hemp-derived cannabinoids. The bills defined "intoxicating hemp product" as any hemp-derived product containing more than 0.3% total THC (including THCA, delta-8 THC, and other isomers) or any synthetic cannabinoid. The legislation prohibited retail sale of intoxicating hemp products except through licensed cannabis dispensaries.

Passage of Restrictive Legislation (March 2025)

Governor Glenn Youngkin signed Senate Bill 903 into law on March 15, 2025, with an effective date of January 1, 2026. The legislation amended Virginia Code § 3.2-4112 to prohibit the manufacture, distribution, and sale of intoxicating hemp products outside the regulated cannabis market. The law defined total THC to include delta-9 THC, THCA, delta-8 THC, delta-10 THC, and any other THC isomer or analog, calculated on a dry weight basis after conversion of THCA to delta-9 THC.

The law included a nine-month transition period, allowing existing inventory to be sold through December 31, 2025. After that date, retailers could face civil penalties of up to $1,000 per violation and potential criminal charges for continued sales. The legislation directed the Virginia Cannabis Control Authority to establish a pathway for hemp retailers to obtain cannabis retail licenses, but provided no guarantee of approval or timeline for the licensing process.

Implementation and Industry Pushback (January-August 2026)

When the prohibition took effect on January 1, 2026, hundreds of Virginia hemp retailers faced a choice: cease sales of their primary products or risk enforcement action. Many retailers reported that intoxicating hemp products represented 60-80% of their revenue. The Virginia Hemp Coalition filed a lawsuit in Richmond Circuit Court on January 15, 2026, challenging the constitutionality of the prohibition and arguing that the state law conflicted with federal hemp regulations under the 2018 Farm Bill.

Enforcement remained inconsistent during the first seven months of 2026. The Virginia Cannabis Control Authority focused primarily on issuing warnings and working with retailers to achieve compliance, rather than imposing penalties. However, some localities took more aggressive action. Virginia Beach police conducted raids on three hemp retailers in March 2026, seizing inventory and charging owners with distribution of a controlled substance.

By August 2026, the conflict reached a critical point. Licensed adult-use cannabis dispensaries remained months away from opening, leaving consumers without legal access to the products they had relied upon. Hemp retailers reported that many customers, particularly medical patients and older adults who had avoided the illicit market, now faced a choice between going without or returning to unregulated sources.

Key Players

Virginia Cannabis Control Authority

The Virginia Cannabis Control Authority serves as the primary regulatory body overseeing both medical and adult-use cannabis markets in the Commonwealth. Established by the 2021 legalization legislation, the Authority operates as an independent agency within the executive branch. The Authority's board consists of seven members appointed by the Governor and confirmed by the General Assembly.

The Authority has issued more than 400 conditional licenses for cannabis businesses as of August 2026, including cultivators, processors, retailers, and testing laboratories. However, final licenses and operational approvals have proceeded slowly. The Authority cited the need for comprehensive testing protocols, security requirements, and local zoning approvals as factors delaying the launch of adult-use retail sales.

Virginia Hemp Coalition

The Virginia Hemp Coalition represents approximately 300 hemp farmers, processors, and retailers across the state. The trade association formed in 2019 to advocate for the hemp industry following federal legalization. Executive Director Jason Amatucci has been the primary spokesperson for the industry's position that the 2025 legislation unfairly targeted legal businesses operating under federal law.

The Coalition's legal challenge, filed in January 2026, argues that Virginia's prohibition of hemp-derived products conflicts with the 2018 Farm Bill's preemption of state restrictions on hemp commerce. The lawsuit also contends that the prohibition violates due process by eliminating a lawful business without adequate transition provisions or compensation.

Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services

The Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services administers the state's industrial hemp program under authority delegated by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The Department licenses hemp growers and processors, conducts field inspections, and oversees testing to ensure compliance with the 0.3% delta-9 THC threshold.

The Department has maintained that its regulatory authority extends only to agricultural production, not to retail sales of finished hemp products. This position created a regulatory gap that allowed hemp-derived intoxicating products to reach consumers without oversight of potency, labeling, or age restrictions until the 2025 legislation transferred authority to the Cannabis Control Authority.

Medical Cannabis Patients and Advocacy Groups

Virginia NORML and other patient advocacy organizations have expressed concern about the impact of hemp product restrictions on medical cannabis patients. Many patients reported that hemp-derived THCA flower and delta-8 products provided effective symptom relief at a fraction of the cost of pharmaceutical dispensary products.

Advocacy groups have called for the Cannabis Control Authority to expedite licensing of adult-use retailers and to establish a hardship provision allowing continued access to hemp-derived products for registered medical patients until the retail market is fully operational.

Licensed Pharmaceutical Processors

The four licensed pharmaceutical processors operating medical cannabis dispensaries in Virginia have generally supported restrictions on hemp-derived products. These vertically integrated companies invested tens of millions of dollars in cultivation facilities, processing equipment, and retail locations while operating under strict regulatory oversight.

Industry representatives have argued that allowing unregulated hemp products to compete with licensed cannabis creates an uneven playing field and undermines public health protections. The pharmaceutical processors have advocated for enforcement of the prohibition while the Cannabis Control Authority completes the adult-use licensing process.

Legal and Regulatory Framework

Federal Law: The 2018 Farm Bill

The Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018, codified at 7 U.S.C. § 1639o et seq., removed hemp from the Controlled Substances Act and defined it as cannabis containing not more than 0.3% delta-9 THC on a dry weight basis. Section 10113 of the Act explicitly preempted state restrictions on the transportation and shipment of hemp and hemp products produced in accordance with the Act.

The U.S. Department of Agriculture published final regulations for hemp production on January 19, 2021, establishing testing protocols and compliance requirements. The regulations specify that THC testing must measure delta-9 THC concentration and include a measurement of uncertainty. The regulations do not address THCA conversion or other THC isomers, creating the legal basis for hemp-derived intoxicating products.

Virginia Code § 3.2-4112: Industrial Hemp

Virginia Code § 3.2-4112, as amended by Senate Bill 903 in 2025, governs the cultivation, processing, and sale of industrial hemp in Virginia. Subsection D, added by the 2025 amendments, prohibits any person from manufacturing, selling, or distributing "intoxicating hemp products" except as authorized under the Cannabis Control Act.

The statute defines "intoxicating hemp product" as any product derived from hemp that contains more than 0.3% total THC, calculated on a dry weight basis and including all THC isomers and analogs. The definition includes a conversion formula for THCA: total THC = delta-9 THC + (THCA × 0.877). This conversion factor accounts for the loss of the carboxyl group when THCA decarboxylates to delta-9 THC.

Virginia Code § 4.1-600 et seq.: Cannabis Control Act

The Cannabis Control Act, enacted in 2021 and substantially amended in 2023 and 2024, establishes the regulatory framework for medical and adult-use cannabis in Virginia. The Act creates five license types: cultivation, manufacturing, testing, retail, and wholesale. The Act requires all cannabis products to undergo testing for potency, pesticides, heavy metals, and microbial contaminants before sale.

Section 4.1-606 authorizes the Cannabis Control Authority to adopt regulations governing cannabis businesses, including security requirements, packaging and labeling standards, advertising restrictions, and product safety protocols. The Authority published comprehensive regulations in the Virginia Register on June 15, 2024, establishing a seed-to-sale tracking system and mandatory testing thresholds.

Constitutional and Preemption Issues

The Virginia Hemp Coalition's legal challenge raises two primary constitutional arguments. First, the Coalition contends that the prohibition violates the Supremacy Clause of the U.S. Constitution because it conflicts with the 2018 Farm Bill's authorization of hemp commerce. The Coalition argues that Section 10113 of the Farm Bill preempts state laws that prohibit the transportation or sale of hemp products that comply with federal law.

Second, the Coalition argues that the prohibition violates the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment by depriving hemp businesses of property interests without adequate notice or transition provisions. The nine-month transition period, the Coalition contends, was insufficient for businesses to wind down operations, sell inventory, or transition to alternative product lines.

The Commonwealth's response, filed in March 2026, argues that the 2018 Farm Bill does not preempt state regulation of intoxicating products and that states retain police power to regulate substances that affect public health and safety. The Commonwealth further argues that the transition period provided reasonable notice and that businesses have no vested property right to sell products that the state has determined pose public health risks.

Market and Business Implications

Hemp Industry Economic Impact

The prohibition of intoxicating hemp products threatens to eliminate an estimated $180 million in annual retail sales and force the closure of hundreds of small businesses across Virginia. The Virginia Hemp Coalition reported in July 2026 that approximately 400 hemp retailers had closed since January 1, 2026, representing roughly one-third of the businesses that sold hemp-derived cannabinoid products.

The impact extends beyond retail. Hemp processors that specialized in delta-8 THC extraction and THCA flower processing have seen demand collapse. Virginia-based extraction companies reported that wholesale orders for delta-8 distillate dropped by more than 90% in the first quarter of 2026. Several processors have pivoted to CBD production, but the CBD market faces significant oversupply and price compression, with wholesale CBD isolate selling for less than $200 per kilogram compared to $2,000-3,000 per kilogram for delta-8 distillate in 2025.

Cannabis Industry Opportunities and Challenges

Licensed cannabis businesses stand to benefit from the elimination of hemp-derived product competition, but the transition has been slower than anticipated. The Virginia Cannabis Control Authority has issued conditional licenses to more than 60 retail applicants as of August 2026, but only eight have received final approval to begin operations. The remaining applicants face delays related to local zoning approvals, security inspections, and inventory sourcing.

Wholesale cannabis pricing in Virginia reflects the limited supply. Licensed cultivators reported wholesale flower prices of $2,800-3,200 per pound in July 2026, significantly higher than mature markets like California ($800-1,200 per pound) or Michigan ($1,000-1,500 per pound). The high wholesale prices translate to retail prices that many consumers, particularly medical patients on fixed incomes, find prohibitive.

Multi-State Operator Strategic Positioning

Multi-state operators including Curaleaf, Trulieve, and Green Thumb Industries have obtained conditional licenses in Virginia and are positioning to capture market share as retail sales commence. These companies bring operational expertise and capital resources that provide competitive advantages over smaller local operators.

However, Virginia's social equity provisions require that 30% of retail licenses be reserved for applicants from communities disproportionately impacted by cannabis prohibition. The Cannabis Control Authority has prioritized processing social equity applications, creating opportunities for smaller operators to establish market presence before MSOs achieve full operational scale.

Investment and Capital Flow

Virginia's cannabis market has attracted significant investment interest, with industry analysts projecting annual sales of $800 million to $1.2 billion once the adult-use market matures. However, the delayed launch of retail sales and ongoing uncertainty around hemp product enforcement have created headwinds for capital formation.

Several Virginia-based cannabis companies reported difficulty securing debt financing in 2026 due to lender concerns about market timing and regulatory stability. The prohibition on hemp products, while intended to protect the licensed market, has created consumer frustration that some investors fear could dampen demand for legal products when they become available.

What Experts Say

Cannabis policy analysts have offered divergent perspectives on Virginia's approach to hemp-derived products, with some praising the state's effort to establish regulatory control while others criticize the impact on consumers and small businesses.

According to the Marijuana Policy Project, Virginia's prohibition of hemp-derived intoxicating products represents a necessary step to ensure product safety and prevent youth access. The organization's position is that products producing intoxicating effects should be subject to testing, labeling, and age verification requirements regardless of their source material. The Marijuana Policy Project has noted that several hemp-derived products tested in other states have shown significant discrepancies between labeled and actual THC content, raising consumer safety concerns.

The National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws has expressed concern about the impact on medical cannabis patients and consumers who relied on hemp products during the gap between legalization and retail implementation. NORML's Virginia chapter has called for the Cannabis Control Authority to establish an emergency access program allowing continued sales of tested hemp-derived products to registered medical patients until licensed dispensaries are operational statewide.

Hemp industry legal experts have argued that Virginia's prohibition exceeds state authority under the 2018 Farm Bill. According to analysis from the U.S. Hemp Roundtable, the Farm Bill's preemption language prohibits states from restricting the transportation or sale of hemp products that comply with federal law. The organization's position is that states may regulate hemp products for safety and labeling purposes but cannot impose blanket prohibitions on products that meet the federal definition of hemp.

Public health researchers at Virginia Commonwealth University have studied the composition and safety of hemp-derived products sold in Virginia prior to the prohibition. Research published in early 2026 found that approximately 15% of delta-8 THC products tested contained potentially harmful contaminants including residual solvents and heavy metals. The researchers concluded that regulatory oversight is necessary but recommended that Virginia establish testing and labeling requirements rather than prohibition, allowing consumers continued access to products that meet safety standards.

State-by-State Breakdown

Virginia

Virginia legalized adult-use cannabis possession on July 1, 2021, but prohibited retail sales of hemp-derived intoxicating products effective January 1, 2026. Adults 21 and older may possess up to one ounce of cannabis and cultivate up to four plants per household. Medical cannabis patients may purchase from licensed pharmaceutical processors. Retail sales of adult-use cannabis are expected to begin in late 2026 or early 2027, pending completion of the licensing process. Possession limits for medical patients are determined by physician recommendation. Virginia Code § 4.1-600 et seq. governs the cannabis program, while Virginia Code § 3.2-4112 regulates hemp.

North Carolina

North Carolina has not legalized adult-use cannabis and maintains prohibition of cannabis possession. However, the state has not enacted specific restrictions on hemp-derived products, allowing delta-8 THC and THCA flower to be sold at retail. The North Carolina Department of Agriculture regulates hemp cultivation but does not assert authority over finished hemp products. Legislative efforts to restrict hemp-derived intoxicating products have been introduced but have not advanced to passage as of August 2026.

Maryland

Maryland legalized adult-use cannabis possession and retail sales effective July 1, 2023. The state prohibited hemp-derived intoxicating products in 2022, prior to the launch of adult-use sales. Maryland law defines cannabis to include all THC isomers and analogs, bringing hemp-derived products under the regulatory authority of the Cannabis Administration. Licensed dispensaries began adult-use sales in July 2023, providing legal access concurrent with hemp product restrictions.

Ohio

Ohio voters approved adult-use cannabis legalization in November 2023, with possession becoming legal on December 7, 2023, and retail sales beginning in August 2024. Ohio enacted restrictions on hemp-derived intoxicating products in 2023, prohibiting retail sale of products containing more than 0.3% total THC. The restrictions took effect concurrent with the launch of adult-use retail sales, minimizing the access gap experienced in Virginia.

Kentucky

Kentucky has not legalized adult-use cannabis but operates a medical cannabis program approved by the legislature in 2023. The state has not enacted specific restrictions on hemp-derived products, and Kentucky's robust hemp farming industry has made the state a major supplier of THCA flower and delta-8 THC products to other markets. Legislative proposals to restrict hemp-derived intoxicating products have faced opposition from agricultural interests.

Tennessee

Tennessee prohibits adult-use cannabis and operates a limited medical cannabis program. The state enacted restrictions on hemp-derived intoxicating products in 2023, prohibiting products containing more than 0.3% total THC. Enforcement has been inconsistent, with some retailers continuing to sell delta-8 and THCA products despite the prohibition. Legal challenges to the restrictions are pending in Tennessee courts.

What's Next

The resolution of Virginia's hemp-cannabis conflict will likely occur through a combination of court decisions, regulatory adjustments, and the launch of adult-use retail sales over the next 12-18 months.

The legal challenge filed by the Virginia Hemp Coalition is scheduled for oral arguments in Richmond Circuit Court in October 2026. A decision is expected by early 2027. If the court rules in favor of the hemp industry, the Commonwealth will likely appeal to the Virginia Supreme Court, extending the legal uncertainty into 2028. If the court upholds the prohibition, hemp retailers will have exhausted state-level remedies and may pursue federal court challenges based on Supremacy Clause arguments.

The Virginia Cannabis Control Authority has indicated that it expects to approve 30-40 additional retail licenses by the end of 2026, with those dispensaries becoming operational in the first quarter of 2027. The Authority projects that 100-150 licensed retailers will be operational by mid-2027, providing statewide access to regulated cannabis products. This timeline suggests that the access gap created by the hemp product prohibition will persist for at least six to twelve months.

Legislative action remains possible. Several members of the General Assembly have indicated interest in amending the prohibition to include a medical hardship exemption or to allow continued sales of tested hemp-derived products that meet safety standards. The 2027 legislative session, which convenes in January, may consider amendments to Virginia Code § 3.2-4112 to address concerns raised by patients and consumers.

Industry observers anticipate that some hemp retailers will transition to licensed cannabis retail operations. The Cannabis Control Authority has established a streamlined application process for existing hemp businesses, waiving certain fees and providing technical assistance. However, the capital requirements for licensed cannabis retail—including security systems, inventory tracking, and testing compliance—exceed the resources available to many small hemp retailers.

The broader national trend suggests that states will continue to restrict hemp-derived intoxicating products as they establish regulated cannabis markets. At least eight states are expected to consider similar legislation in 2027, including Florida, Texas, and Georgia. The outcome of Virginia's legal challenge will influence the approach taken by these states and may prompt federal action to clarify the scope of the 2018 Farm Bill's preemption provisions.

Further Reading

• Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018 (2018 Farm Bill), Public Law 115-334, available at https://www.congress.gov/bill/115th-congress/house-bill/2
• Virginia Code § 3.2-4112 (Industrial Hemp), available at https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title3.2/chapter41/section3.2-4112/
• Virginia Code § 4.1-600 et seq. (Cannabis Control Act), available at https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title4.1/chapter6/
• Virginia Cannabis Control Authority, Official Website, https://www.cca.virginia.gov/
• U.S. Department of Agriculture, Domestic Hemp Production Program, Final Rule (January 19, 2021), available at https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2021/01/19/2021-00967/establishment-of-a-domestic-hemp-production-program
• Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Industrial Hemp Program, https://www.vdacs.virginia.gov/plant-industry-services-hemp.shtml
• 21 U.S.C. § 802(16) (Controlled Substances Act definition of marijuana), available at https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/21/802
• Virginia General Assembly, Legislative Information System, https://lis.virginia.gov/